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Since publication of its First Edition in ,Exercise Physiologyhas helped more than , students build a solid fo. Written especially for exercise science and physical education students, this text provides a solid foundation in theory. Muscle and Exercise Physiology is a comprehensive reference covering muscle and exercise physiology, from basic science.
This richly illustrated work presents innovative training concepts based on recent scientific research and extensive kno. Layman — Biochemical adaptations in skeletal muscle induced by exercise tra. Thank you for purchasing this e-book. To receive special offers and news about our latest products, sign up below.
Katch, and Victor L. This material is protected by copyright. No photographs may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission from the copyright holders. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U. Disclaimer Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices.
However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication.
Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations.
The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions.
This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug. Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration FDA clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in his or her clinical practice.
To purchase additional copies of this book, call our customer service department at or fax orders to International customers should call Life is good! The graph on this page highlights the huge number of entries for the words exercise or exertion from a recent Internet search of Index Medicus Medline and for the years to December 3, , using the NCBI database www.
In just a 4-year period since publication of our seventh edition, the number of citations increased by over 66, to ,, a Although we had thought that citation frequency was leveling off from to , the rate of increase has instead steadily increased beyond our wildest expectations. Obviously, we misjudged how greatly exercise-related topics would affect scholarly productivity in biologic sciences research. With expanding interest in the role of exercise and physical activity in the allied , , , , , , Number of citations 60, 55, 50, 50, 45, 43, 40, 0 health professions, the rate of citations devoted to these topics undoubtedly will continue to accelerate.
As graduate students in the late s, we never imagined that interest in exercise physiology would increase so dramatically. New generations of scholars committed to studying the scientific basis of exercise had set to work.
Some studied the physiologic mechanisms involved in adaptations to regular exercise; others evaluated individual differences in exercise and sports performance.
Collectively, both approaches expanded knowledge in the growing field of exercise physiology. Only later did an embarrassed Frank learn that this gentleman was Captain Albert R. The last four columns used PubMed via an Internet search for citations with the terms exercise or exertion. That fortuitous meeting began a lasting personal and fulfilling professional friendship until Dr.
Over the years, the three of us were indeed fortunate to work with the very best scholars in our field. Henry Albert R. At the University of California, Berkeley, Victor Katch completed his master of science thesis under the supervision of Dr. Frank Katch completed his master of science under the supervision of thesis advisors Dr. Ernest Michael, Jr. As the three of us reexamine those earlier times, we realize, like many of our colleagues, that our academic good fortunes prospered because our professors and mentors shared an unwavering commitment to study sport, exercise, and movement from a strong scientific and physiologic perspective.
These scholars demonstrated why it was crucial that physical educators be well grounded in both the scientific basics and underlying concepts and principles of exercise physiology. Moving Forward As in the publication of the first edition of Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance in , this eighth edition reflects our continued commitment to integrate the concepts and science of the different disciplines that contribute to a more comprehensive understanding and appreciation of modern-day exercise physiology.
As in prior editions, we continue to believe that the exercise physiology discipline demands integration of study areas relevant to nutrition, exercise biochemistry and bioenergetics, physiology, medicine, exercise training and sports performance, and the health-related aspects of regular physical activity.
We are encouraged that the medical establishment and government agencies continue to acknowledge and now promote regular physical activity as an important weapon in the armamentarium for prevention and rehabilitation of diverse disease states, including diabetes, obesity, cancer, and heart disease.
We are gratified with the small part we have played in the education of more than , undergraduate and graduate students who have used this text since the publication of the first edition in A source of great pride for us is that some of the first students enrolled in our classes that used this text have gone on to earn advanced degrees in the same or similar fields.
This tradition of textbook adoption has now been passed down to their students, many of whom comprise the next generation of aspiring teachers, exercise specialists, and researchers. We are forever grateful to our former teachers and mentors for igniting a spark that has not diminished. We hope you will become as excited as we first were and continue to be in the science of exercise physiology and human performance.
The eighth edition also has undergone a complete art makeover. Most of the existing figures have been redrawn to provide consistency with newly created illustrations. Throughout the text, we have included Internet resources URLs to provide an expanded Web access to supplement student insights of relevant text material.
They include: Introduction: A View of the Past. Each chapter opens with a comprehen- to reflect current research findings related to the diverse areas of exercise physiology. We have revised almost every figure, and supplemented them with high-quality medical illustrations. We also have added new tables, and listed numerous new Web sites to provide readers access to the abundance of updated information available about the intricacies relevant to topic areas in exercise physiology.
Our current reference list includes up-to-date research results gleaned from national and international journals related to specific topic areas.
We hope you profit from and enjoy this continuation of our journey through the ever-expanding and maturing field of exercise physiology. Up-Close and Personal Interviews. Ancillaries at-a-Glance. In a Practical Sense. Integrative Questions. Expanded Art Program. The full-color art program continues to be an important feature of the textbook.
New figures have been added to chapters to enhance new and updated content, including the use of many new medical illustrations. A new table format clearly organizes essential data. These individuals merit recognition not only for expanding knowledge through their many scientific contributions, but also for elucidating mechanisms that underlie responses and adaptations to exercise and health enhancement.
Each person has been placed within a section linked to his or her main scholarship interests, yet all of them span one or more sections in terms of scientific contributions. References, Appendices, and Animations available online. Appendices feature valuable information about nutritive values, energy expenditures, metabolic computations in open-circuit spirometry, and more. Focus on Research available online. Almost all chap- ters have a companion online Focus on Research, featuring a key research article from a renowned scientist.
First, to Dr. Loring Rowell for his constructive comments on the chapters related to pulmonary and cardiovascular dynamics during rest and exercise, particularly the sections related to the possible role of the venous system as an active vasculature.
We thank Dr. Victor Convertino, U. Charles Tipton, Professor Emeritus, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ, for valuable comments and for providing new information about the historical development of the physiology of exercise, including material about the first textbook devoted to exercise and physiology in the 16th century, and physiology of exercise textbook used in the late s and early s.
Collins, CO provided an original slide of the rotating chair experiment he took during his Skylab 2 Mission. We sincerely appreciate the expertise of Drs. Hypoxico Inc.
John Selby www. Alex Knight, York University, United Kingdom, graciously provided information about molecular biology techniques he has pioneered in vitro motility assay and other information and a photograph about myosin, muscle, and single molecules.
Yakl Freedman www. James A. Freeman, Professor of English, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, unselfishly lent his know-how to make words sing in the introductory history MI.
We thank Nancy Mullis for graciously providing the photo of Dr. Kary Mullis. Each of those individuals, in his or her own unique way, inspired the three of us in our careers by their work ethic, scientific excellence, and generosity of time and advice with colleagues and students. Over the years, we have had the good fortune to come to know these individuals both socially and in the academic arena. We are grateful for the opportunity to conduct the interviews because they provided insights about their personal lives previously unknown to us.
We hope you too are as impressed as we are by all they have accomplished and returned to the profession. We also dedicate this edition to that special group of former students who earner doctoral degrees in physical education, exercise science, or medicine, and who have gone on to distingush themselves as teachers, practitioners, and researchers in the related areas of exercise physiology. Finally, we would like to recognize the creative individuals at Wolters Kluwer who helped to shepherd this eighth edition through the various stages of production.
We are particularly indebted to Eve Malakoff-Klein, our talented and superb Supervisor of Product Development, who continually provided much-needed support, patience, subtle urging, and excellence in organization and expertise in handling critical editing issues in bringing this edition to fruition in a timely manner.
She clearly served in a highly professional manner as our advocate in issues related to the production process. David Orzechowski, Production Project Manager, helped to translate the edited chapters into galley magic. Also, the talented artists at Dragonfly www.
Thank you so much Eve, Jen, Dave, and Dragonfly for a job exceptionally well done! William D. David L. John O. Charles M. Loring B. Frank W. Steven N. Indeed, it would be a herculean task to faithfully chronicle the rich history of exercise physiology from its origins in ancient Asia to the present.
For this brief overview, we present a chronological historical tour regarding topics often not adequately developed in exercise physiology courses or their traditional textbooks.
Along the way, we delve into events and people that have profoundly influenced the emerging field of exercise physiology—specifically the creation of science-based curriculum in colleges and universities at the turn of the 19th century, and the influential scientists who helped to create these early programs.
Our discussion begins with an acknowledgment of the ancient but tremendously influential Indian, Arabic, and prominent Greek physicians; we highlight some milestones and ingenious experiments , including the many contributions from Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Finland that fostered the study of sport and exercise as a respectable field of scientific inquiry.
A treasure-trove of information about the early beginnings of exercise physiology in America was uncovered in the archives of Amherst College, Massachusetts, in an anatomy and physiology textbook incorporating a student study guide written by the first American fatherand-son writing team. Even before the fortuitous creation of this science-oriented laboratory, another less formal but still tremendously influential factor affected the development of exercise physiology: the publication during the 19th century of American textbooks on anatomy and physiology, physiology, physiology and hygiene, and anthropometry.
The availability of physiology texts allowed teachers and research scientists with an interest in physiology to offer formal coursework in these topics as they related to exercise and human movement. Professor Roberta Park, distinguished UC Berkeley physical education, exercise science, and sport historian, chronicles the early contributions of many physicians and science-oriented physical educators who steadfastly believed that physical education and medicine should be grounded on a sound scientific foundation fueled by cutting-edge research.
Appendix A online lists additional influential texts from to dealing with exercise, training, and exercise physiology. These included the Minoan and Mycenaean cultures; the great Buskirk13 provides a bibliography of books and review articles on exercise, fitness, and exercise physiology from to Berryman7 lists many textbooks and essays from the time of Hippocrates through the Civil War period in the United States. Early references to sports, games, and health practices personal hygiene, exercise, and training were recorded by the ancient civilizations of Syria, Egypt, Macedonia, Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia, India, and China.
Tipton chronicles the doctrines and teachings of Sushruta, an Indian physician, teacher of aspiring medical students, and surgeon who practiced in the 5th century bc. Sushruta is remembered as the first plastic surgeon,66 and as a scholar who produced the ancient treatise Sushruta Samhita years before Hippocrates lived. He detailed medical procedures, described blunt and sharp surgical instruments, and penned detailed accounts of hundreds of medical conditions relating to various disease states and organ deficiencies www.
The greatest influence on Western Civilization, however, came from the Greek physicians of antiquity—Herodicus 5th century bc , Hippocrates — bc , and Claudius Galenus or Galen ad —b. Herodicus, a physician and athlete, strongly advocated proper diet in physical training. Today, physicians take either the classical or modern Hippocratic Oath www. The son of a wealthy architect, Galen was born in the city of Pergamosc and educated by scholars of the time. He began studying medicine at approximately age As physician to the gladiators of Pergamos, Galen treated torn tendons and muscles ripped apart in combat with various surgical procedures he invented, including the procedure depicted in Figure I.
Galen also formulated rehabilitation therapies and exercise regimens, including treatment for a dislocated shoulder. He followed the Hippocratic school of medicine that believed in logical science grounded in experimentation and observation. The following definition of exercise is from the first complete English translation by Green27 of Hygiene De Sanitate Tuenda, pp.
The criterion of vigorousness is change of respiration; those movements that do not alter the respiration are not called exercise. But if anyone is compelled by any movement to breathe more or less or faster, that movement becomes exercise from him. This therefore is what is commonly called exercise or gymnastics, from the gymnasium or public-place to which the inhabitants of a city come to anoint and rub themselves, to wrestle, throw the discus, or engage in some other sport….
The uses of exercise, I think are twofold, one for the evacuation of the excrements, the other for the production of good condition of the firm parts of the body. The woodcut showing shoulder surgery provides a direct link with Hippocratic surgical practice that continued through the Byzantine period.
Most of the credit for modern-day medicine has been attributed to the early Greek physicians, but other influential physicians contributed to knowledge about physiology, particularly the pulmonary circulation. The timeline in Figure I. During this interval, interspaced between the Galenic era in ad to the late s and early s, many physicians, including Persian physician Ibn Sina Avicenna [ca. Apotherapy, Bathing, and Fatigue. Book IV. Book V. Book VI. Prophylaxis of Pathological Conditions.
Figure I. The contributions of da Vinci, Vesalius, Santorio, and Harvey are detailed later in this introduction. This text, heavily influenced by Galen and other early Greek Ancient Greeks New ideas formulated during the Renaissance exploded almost every concept inherited from antiquity.
Hundreds of new text materials were created for the arts, history, geography, and the emerging sciences. Art broke with past forms, emphasizing spatial perspective and realistic depictions of the human body see Fig. Mercurialis favored discus throwing to aid patients suffering from arthritis and to improve the strength of the trunk and arm muscles. He advocated rope climbing because it did not pose health problems, and he was a firm believer in walking a mild pace was good for stimulating conversation, and a faster pace would stimulate appetite and help with digestion.
He also believed that climbing mountains was good for those with leg problems, long jumping was desirable but not for pregnant women , but tumbling and handsprings were not recommended because they would produce adverse effects from the intestines pushing against the diaphragm! The three panels above represent the exercises as they might have been performed during the time of Galen. For example, medicine had to confront the new diseases spread by commerce with distant lands.
Plagues and epidemics decimated at least 25 million people throughout Europe in just 3 years —; www. New towns and expanding populations in confined cities led to environmental pollution and pestilence, forcing authorities to cope with the problems of community sanitation and care for the sick and dying.
Science had not yet uncovered the link between diseases and their insect and rat hosts. As populations expanded throughout Europe and elsewhere, medical care became more important for all levels of society.
Unfortunately, medical knowledge failed to keep pace with need. For roughly 12 centuries, with the exception of the Islamic physicians, few advances were made from those in Greek and Roman medicine.
The writings of the early physicians had either been lost or preserved only in the Arab world. Thanks to the reverence given to classical authors, Hippocrates and Galen still dominated medical education until the end of the 15th century.
Renaissance discoveries greatly modified these theories. New anatomists went beyond simplistic notions of four humors fire, earth, water, air and their qualities of hot, dry, cold, and wet as they discovered the complexities of circulatory, respiratory, and excretory mechanisms.
In the mids at the University of Bologna, every medical student had to attend one dissection each year, with 20 students assigned to a male cadaver and 30 students to a female cadaver. The first sanctioned anatomical dissection in Paris, performed in public, took place in Nicholas Tulp Fig. Tulp as he dissects the arm of a recently executed criminal.
In fact, the Catholic church considered anatomic dissections a disfiguring violation of bodily integrity, despite the common practice of dismembering criminals as punishment.
Nevertheless, the art of the period reflected close collaboration between artists and medical school physicians to portray anatomic dissections, essential for medical education, and to satisfy a public thirst for new information in the emerging fields of physiology and medicine. Nicholas Tulp. The Yorck Project: 10, Meisterwerke der Malerei. He based his teaching on human cadavers, not Greek and Latin authorities or studies of animals. Certainly by the turn of the 15th century, anatomic dissections for postmortems were common in the medical schools of France and Italy; they paved the way for the Renaissance anatomists whose careful observations accelerated understanding of human form and function.
Early on, two women from the University of Bologna achieved distinction in the field of anatomy. Soon after, female scholars were allowed to teach in university classrooms.
Anna Morandi Manzolini —; www. Her wax and wood models of the abdomen and uterus were used didactically in the medical school for several hundred years. Notable Achievements by European Scientists An explosion of new knowledge in the physical and biologic sciences helped prepare the way for future discoveries about human physiology during rest and exercise. Deduced the hierarchical structure of the nervous system, with the brain as a command center.
He dissected portrait c. Observed the lesions of atherosclerosis and their possible role in obstructing coronary arteries.
Developed a system to explain muscular movements by using an arrangement of wires. For example, he determined the mechanics of biceps brachii muscle and arm action. He explained elbow flexion and hand supination through the twisting action on the ulna.
His detailed drawings with written explanations showed the full arm and its motions, including scapular function. Deduced the equal contribution from the mother and father to the inherited characteristics of the fetus. Accurate as his numerous and detailed sketches were Fig.
It would take another half-century for Harvey to discover that veins return blood to the heart, and only the arteries conduct blood from the heart to the periphery.
Leon Battista Alberti —; www. These three exemplary Renaissance anatomists—Da Vinci, Alberti, and Vesalius— empowered physiologists to understand the systems of the body with technical accuracy, not theoretical or religious bias. For example, in his schema, the length of the foot was onesixth of this total, the head one-seventh, and the hand one-tenth. Michelangelo Buonarroti — Michelangelo, like Da Vinci, was a superb anatomist www. In his accurate drawings, body segments appear in proper proportion.
His frescos on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel mv. At the start of his career, Vesalius authored books on anatomy, originally relying on Arabic texts, but then incorporating observations from his own dissections in addition to a self-portrait from Fabrica pubPortrait of Vesalius from lished at age 29 showing the anahis De Humani Corporis tomic details of an upper and lower Fabrica c.
A Major nerves. B Muscular system in action. Note the graveyard crypts. Courtesy National Library of Medicine.
The same year, he published Epitome, a popular version of De Fabrica without Latin text www. His masterful detailed depiction of the muscular and skeletal architecture of the human body pared away one muscle layer at a time to reveal the hidden structures underneath.
For example, he drew the inferior vena cava as a continuous vessel; inserted an extra muscle to move the eyeball; and added an extra neck muscle present only in apes. Despite these minor discrepancies, Vesalius clearly attempted to connect form with function. Vesalius was one of the first to verify that nerves controlled muscles and stimulated movement.
His two beautifully illustrated texts profoundly influenced medical education. Their intricate details about human structures demolished traditional theories about human anatomy and emboldened later researchers to explore circulation and metabolism unburdened by past misconceptions. The illuminating and detailed artwork of Vesalius hastened the subsequent important discoveries in physiology and the beginning of modern science.
He recorded changes in daily body temperature with the first air thermometer, crafted in as a temperature-measuring device. Accuracy was poor because scientists had not yet discovered the effects of differential air pressures on temperature. Santorio studied digestion and changes in metabolism by constructing a wooden frame that supported a chair, bed, and worktable. Suspended from the ceiling with scales, the frame recorded changes in body weight.
For 30 continuous years, Santorio slept, ate, worked, and made love in the weighing contraption to record how much his weight changed as he ate, fasted, or excreted. Often depriving himself of food and drink, Santorio determined that the daily change in body mass approached 1. Although this scientifically trained Italian instrument inventor did not explain the role of nutrition in weight gain or loss, Santorio nevertheless inspired later 18th-century researchers in metabolism by quantifying metabolic effects.
William Harvey — William Harvey discovered that blood circulates continuously in one direction and, as Vesalius had done, overthrew years of medical dogma. Animal vivisection disproved the ancient supposition that blood moved from the right to left side of the heart through pores in the septum—pores that even Da Vinci and Vesalius had erroneously acknowledged.
Harvey was aware of the uniqueness of his contributions, and he penned these prescient thoughts in the introduction to his scientific masterpiece: At length, yielding to the requests of my friends, that all might be made participators in my labors, and partly moved by the envy of others, who, receiving my views with uncandid minds and understanding them indifferently, have essayed to traduce me publicly, I have moved to commit these things to the press, in order that all may be enabled to form an opinion both of me and my labours.
This step I take all the more willingly, seeing that Hieronymus Fabricius of Aquapendente, although he has accurately and learnedly delineated almost every one of the several parts of animals in a special work, has left the heart alone untouched. Finally, if any use or benefit to this department of the republic of letters should accrue from my labours, it will, perhaps, be allowed that I have not lived idly….
Horvath, Henry Montoye, Bengt Saltin, Charles Tipton pre- A treasure of information about the early beginnings of sented their research and fielded penetrating questions from exercise physiology in America was uncovered in the an audience of young graduate students eager to devour the archives of Amherst College, Massachusetts, in an anatomy latest scientific information. William McArdle studied team. At the University of California, years later in , much of what forms current college cur- Berkeley, Victor Katch completed the MS thesis in physical ricula in exercise physiology, including evaluation of body education under the supervision of Dr.
Frank Katch completed the MS degree anatomy and physiology, physiology, physiology and hygiene, at the University of California, Santa Barbara, under the su- and anthropometry.
Ernest Michael, Jr. Roberta Park, distinguished UC pleted doctoral studies at the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley physical education historian, chronicles the early with Professor Henry. Professor Roberta Park, also at the Uni- contributions of many physicians and science-oriented physi- versity of California, Berkeley, was inspirational over the cal educators who steadfastly believed that physical education years in sparking interest in the history of physical education and medicine should be grounded on a sound scientific as an academic discipline.
She encouraged each of us and our foundation fueled by cutting-edge research. These scholars components of the exercise physiology core curriculum. Text- demonstrated why it was crucial that physical educators be books from to dealing with exercise, training, and well grounded in both the scientific basics and underlying exercise physiology also were influential. Our discussion begins with an acknowl- Exercise physiology arose mainly in early Greece and Asia edgment of the ancient but tremendously influential Indian, Minor, although the topics of exercise, sports, games, and Arabic, and prominent Greek physicians; along the way, health concerned even earlier civilizations.
These included we highlight some milestones and ingenious experiments , the Minoan and Mycenaean cultures, the great biblical including the many contributions from Sweden, Denmark, empires of David and Solomon, Assyria, Babylonia, Media,. Berryman6 lists many textbooks and essays from the time of Hippocrates through the Civil War period in the United States. Vol II.
Secretion; Prevailing Abuses and Prejudices in Medicine. Movement; Voice and Speech Nervous Hitchcock E. Dyspepsy Forestalled and Resisted, or, System Special Senses; Generation Lectures on Diet, Regimen, and Employment. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
Northampton: J. Adams, Lessons in Elementary Physiology. London: Beaumont W. Experiments and Observations on the Macmillan and Co. Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion. Weak Lungs and How to Make them Strong. Pittsburgh: F. Allen, Boston: Ticknor and Fields, A Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene; for Comparative. London: John Churchill, Schools, Families, and Colleges. Principles of Human Physiology. London: Brothers, Churchill, Investigations in the Military and Carpenter WB.
Sanitary Commission. New York: Forensic Medicine. Especially Designed for the Use of Hurd and Houghton, New Combe A. Brothers, University Oars. London: MacMillan, Washington, DC: Health. Boston: William D. Ticknor, Government Printing Office, A part of the course of instruction given in and Families.
Boston: Benjamin B. Mussey and Co. First issued by the class of while the Physical Education of Girls. New York: George P. Amherst, MA, Putnam, Diseases of the Heart and Aorta. Philadelphia: the Use of Practitioners and Students of Medicine.
New Lindsay, York: D. Appleton, The Physiology of Digestion, Considered with ed. Philadelphia: rewritten and published , , , , Harper and Brothers, New York: Harper and Brothers, London: and Disease. Philadelphia: Collins, Elementary Anatomy and Flint A. Appleton and on the Examination of Recruits and Discharge of Company, Van Nostrand, A Text-Book of Physiology. London: Macmillan Flint A. A Treatise on the Principles and Practice of and Co.
The Elements of Physiology Students of Medicine. Philadelphia: H. New York: Appleton and Co. The Human Body. New Physique. Felix Alcan, Editeur, York: H. Holt and Company, p ; revised, Flint A. Collected Essays and Articles on Physiology and Medicine, 2 volumes. Manual of Physical Drill. United States Army. Appleton and Company, New York: G. A Respiration Calorimeter Stimulants, and of Narcotics. A Course of Elementary Washington, Instruction in Practical Biology.
London: Flint A. Handbook of Physiology; for Students and Macmillan and Co. Practitioners of Medicine. Physiology of Bodily Exercise. New York: Company, New York: Ginn and Company, Physical Education. Boston: Ginn and Securing Them. Amherst, MA: Williams, Company, Physiology of Sport. London: Krohne and Sherrington SC. The Integrative Action of the Nervous Sesemann, Hygiene and Physical Culture for Women. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, Practical Rowing and the Atkinson E.
The Science of Nutrition. University, January-June, New Haven, CT: rev. Principles of Physiology and Hygiene 2nd ed. New York: H. Holt and Company, ; 2nd ed. Anthropometry and Physical Examination. A rev. Exercise in Education and Medicine. Work and Physical Education. Saunders Company, Dorman Co. Physiology and Hygiene; with Practical Exercises. The Respiratory Function of the Blood. Holt and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Blood Pressure in Medicine and Surgery.
Energy Transformation Boat Crews. Carnegie Institute Experiment Stations, Bulletin no. Washington, DC: Publication. Washington, DC: Carnegie U. Institute of Washington, An American Text-Book of Physiology. Blood Lymph, and Circulation; Secretion, Rage. Organism and Environment as Illustrated by Chemistry of the Body. Philadelphia: W. University Press, The Effect of Diet on Endurance. New Haven: Vol. Hoeber, Linacare Lecture; The Law of the Heart. A Manual for Physical Measurements for London.
Longmans, Green and Company, The Koehler Method of Physical Drill. Lippincott Company, Christian Associations. Physiology of Muscular Exercises. New Christian Association Training School, York: Longmans, Green and Company, Physiology of Exercise. Translated by C. Philadelphia: F. Davis Washington, DC: U. Government Printing Office, and Company, The Heart Rate. Springfield, Amar J. The Human Motor.
New York: E. Dutton and IL: Charles C. Thomas, Reflex Activity of the Spinal Cord. A Textbook of Physiology. Philadelphia: Oxford, Oxford University Press, Exercise and Its Physiology. New Dreyer G. The Assessment of Physical Fitness. New York: York: A. Barnes and Company, The Involuntary Nervous System. New York: Disease. The Measurement of Athletic Power. New Jansen M. Diet and Physical Tests of Muscular Efficiency. Physiological Reviews ; Physiology of Muscular Activity.
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Physical Fitness Workbook. Endurance of Young Men. Washington, Krogh A. Research in Child Development, The Musculature of the bronchi and lungs. Physiology of Man in the Desert. New Physiological Reviews ; references. York: Wiley, Philadelphia: Lea and Cureton TK, et al. Physical Fitness Appraisal and Febiger, Louis: The C.
The Physiology of Muscular Exercise. London: Longmans, Green and Company, Adventures in Biophysics. London: Oxford University Press, Other early references to sports, games, and health practices personal hygiene, exercise, and training were recorded in the ancient civilizations of Syria, Egypt, Macedonia, Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia, India, and China.
Tipton chronicles the doctrines and teachings of Susruta Sushruta, an Indian physician regarding the influence of different modes of exer- cise on human health and disease. Herodicus, a physician and athlete, strongly advocated proper diet in physical training. Today, physicians take either the classical or modern Hippocratic Oath www. GAUL Aquileia. Sardinia sa. Pergamos lon. Syracuse STIN. Damascus E. AN PAL. The World According to Galen.
The white dots refer to the 14 major cities of that time period. The son of a wealthy architect, Galen was born in the city of Pergamosc and educated by scholars of the time. He began studying medicine at approximately age The cows, horses, and elephants. Also, as physician to the gladia- woodcut showing shoulder surgery provides a direct link with tors of Pergamos, Galen treated torn tendons and muscles Hippocratic surgical practice that continued through the ripped apart in combat with various surgical procedures he in- Byzantine period.
The uses of exer- from his Greek text De Fascius. Galen formulated rehabilita- cise, I think are twofold, one for the evacuation of the excre- tion therapies and exercise regimens, including treatment for ments, the other for the production of good condition of the a dislocated shoulder. He followed the Hippocratic school of firm parts of the body.
For since vigorous motion is exercise, it medicine that believed in logical science grounded in experi- must needs be that only these three things result from it in the mentation and observation.
These are followed by all the other individual ben- proper quantity and duration. The following definition of exer- efits which accrue to the body from exercise; from hardness of cise is from the first complete English translation by Green23 of the organs, both insensitivity and strength for function; from Hygiene De Sanitate Tuenda, pp. And from the vigorous movement when it is vigorous. But since vigor is relative, the same move- of respiration the ducts must be purged and the excrements ment might be exercise for one and not for another.
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Exercise physiology energy nutrition and human performance pdf download free.Item Preview
CONCLUDING COMMENT PART ONE: Exercise Physiology SECTION 1:Nutrition: The Base for Human Performance OVERVIEW CHAPTER 1:Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins. Download Exercise physiology: Nutrition, energy, and human performance free PDF ebook. [PDF] Download Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Energy, and Human Performance download free of book in format PDF #book. Exercise physiology Nutrition, energy, and human performance 43 Role of Vitamins 43 Defining Nutrient Needs 45 Exercise, Free Radicals. Download Exercise Physiology, Nutrition, Energy, And Human Performance, Seventh Edition- William D. McArdle.
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